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Saturday, August 22, 2026

The Lost Silver of Irish Canyon: Butch Cassidy’s Hidden Treasure in Colorado’s Outlaw Country


                                                                   Butch Cassidy

 In the far northwest corner of Moffat County, where Colorado leans into Utah and the land begins to feel more like outlaw country than anything mapped or measured, Irish Canyon cuts a narrow path through stone. In the late nineteenth century it was a place where men on the run could disappear without much effort. Butch Cassidy drifted through those cliffs more than once, and so did the rest of the Wild Bunch. Matt Warner and Isom Dart knew the canyon’s bends and shadows as well as any rancher knows his own pasture. They operated out of nearby Brown’s Park, a lonely valley along the old Outlaw Trail, a place where a rider could vanish for weeks and no lawman would bother to follow.

Irish Canyon offered exactly what men like Cassidy needed: isolation, rugged walls, and a dozen escape routes disguised as game trails. It was the kind of country where a rider could stash something valuable and trust the land to keep its mouth shut. According to frontier lore and the storytellers who keep these legends alive, the gang buried a fortune in silver coins somewhere in that canyon. The amount—thirty thousand dollars—was not out of character for Cassidy’s crew. They robbed banks, trains, and payroll couriers with a kind of reckless confidence, often riding away with sacks of gold and silver that would weigh down a lesser band of thieves.

Today, anyone heading toward the canyon follows the same general path: west from Maybell on the long stretch of US‑40, then north on Colorado 318, and finally onto the rough county road that threads into the gorge. The land looks untouched, as if the nineteenth century never quite left. Fremont petroglyphs still cling to the rock faces, and the formations rise in jagged shapes that make searching difficult. It is easy to imagine Cassidy himself riding through the narrow pass, glancing over his shoulder, deciding where to hide a heavy cache that needed to stay hidden.

Brown’s Park, just beyond the canyon, was a refuge for outlaws long before Cassidy arrived. Rustled cattle and horses were moved through the valley, and stories of buried loot were common enough that locals barely raised an eyebrow. Josie Bassett, one of Cassidy’s closest friends, lived there and often sheltered members of the Wild Bunch. Cassidy himself stayed for a time at Doc Parson’s cabin, a place where a man could rest, plan, and wait for trouble to cool. The remoteness of the region made it perfect for burying valuables. Lawmen rarely ventured into that maze of cliffs and sagebrush, and the terrain itself seemed designed to hide secrets.

Whether the Irish Canyon treasure is real or simply a tale that grew in the telling, no one has ever produced proof of its recovery. Still, the story fits the habits of the Wild Bunch. They were known to bury loot when the chase grew too hot, and they certainly handled enough stolen silver and gold to make such a cache plausible. They spent long stretches hiding in Brown’s Park and Irish Canyon, waiting for the world to forget their latest robbery.

The canyon keeps its silence. Landmarks from the nineteenth century have eroded or vanished, and outlaws were not known for leaving tidy maps behind. The place is large, rugged, and sparsely visited, and if multiple caches were ever buried, they may lie scattered across the canyon floor like forgotten chapters of a story no one can finish. Treasure hunters have combed the area for decades, but Irish Canyon remains stubborn, holding tight to whatever secrets Butch Cassidy may have left behind.

Sierra Estrella Buried Gold, Arizona





Long before Arizona had highways or retirement communities, the Sierra Estrella Mountains stood alone against the desert sky, keeping their secrets. One of those secrets, people say, is a cache of gold so large it could change a man’s life forever — if he could find it. The story begins in 1847, when a Spaniard named Don Joaquin forced local Native people to work a hidden mine deep in the Estrellas. The gold they pulled from the rock was said to be so pure it gleamed even in shadow. When word reached Joaquin that the American Army was approaching, he panicked. He loaded thousands of pounds of gold onto mule carts and followed the old Zig Zag Trail into the mountains. There, in a cave known only to him and a Native scout, he buried the treasure. Some say Joaquin killed the scout and laid the body over the gold, believing the presence of the dead would keep others away. Joaquin never returned. His own men murdered him, the map vanished, and the gold has remained hidden for nearly two centuries. Even today, hikers swear the Estrellas feel like they’re guarding something.

Far to the east, in the rolling green hills of what became Cherokee country, another legend took shape during the turmoil of the 1830s. After the Cherokee were forced west along the Trail of Tears, Tahlequah rose as their new capital — a place of rebuilding, grief, and resilience. In those unsettled years, a Seminole man known only as Blackface led a small band of outlaws who roamed the territory. According to old frontier lore, the gang carried a hoard of silver coins, trade goods, and valuables stolen during their travels. Pursued by soldiers and rival bands, they buried their treasure somewhere near Tahlequah. Some versions say they were killed before they could return; others claim Blackface escaped but never found the spot again. The land has changed, the roads paved, the forests thinned — yet the story persists, whispered by locals who swear the cache is still out there, waiting for someone with patience and luck.

Up along the Oregon coast, where the wind carries the smell of salt and cedar, the Nehalem‑Tillamook people kept a story alive long before settlers arrived. Their elders spoke of Spanish sailors who came ashore in the late 1600s, hauling a heavy chest up Neahkahnie Mountain. The sailors dug into the earth, lowered the chest, and then — in a grim act meant to protect their secret — killed a dark‑skinned man and placed his body atop the burial site. They believed the local people would avoid disturbing a grave. For generations, the Nehalem‑Tillamook treated the mountain with reverence, knowing something had been hidden there. When settlers arrived in the 1800s, the legend spread like wildfire. Treasure hunters tore into the mountain for decades, convinced gold lay beneath the soil. Today, the land is protected, and digging is forbidden. But the story remains, carried in the voices of those who remember the old ways and the old warnings.

Across all these tales — from the Arizona desert to the Oklahoma hills to the misty Oregon coast — a pattern emerges. Native people, their lands, and their histories form the backdrop of mysteries that have endured for centuries. Some of the stories are rooted in real conflict and upheaval; others blend truth with folklore. But each one reminds us that the land itself holds memories, and sometimes those memories take the shape of treasure.

Adventures and Surprises in Apache Country, 1869

 Updated on December 15, 2024





Continued - For the first in this series, see 

A-Tiny-Story-Romance-and-Savagery-in-19th-Century-Southwestern-Arizona

Installment 2:

Apache-Land-Travels-and-Surprises

Installment 3:

An-old-time-arizona-silver-mining-pioneer-adventure

A Raven Sentinel

As they rode southeast across a flat area one could see a hill in the distance. To the right was a lush saguaro cactus, its trunk erect with two strong arms, each with a bit of white fluff at the top, the early signs of spring blossoms. A raven-like bird was sitting at the pinnacle, its neck down riffling in a nearly imperceptible breeze. As they approached, the bird's head jerked to the left and focused on the crest of the hill.

Mysterious Hangings

The approach from here was very slow. Nell's horse gave a nicker and raised its head slightly, then paused. Jack paid attention to that.

Both riders scanned ahead and noticed something hanging from a mesquite tree near the top of the hill. Hanging from it were a couple of tan strips shaped like long skinny masks of some sort. They twisted slightly with a small gust.

Reigning in their horses, a dove's coo floated melodiously through the air. Handing his reigns to Nell, Jack slowly dismounted opening a saddle bag; he then took out a Colt pistol.

"Anything boggles you, leave my horse and ride fast," Jack muttered. "Take this - just point and shoot."

A Dusty Approach

Just dust and rocks led up the hill. Jack's boots would occasionally kick up a small cascade of powdery desert soil. With little grass it was easy for this area to become embroiled in dust when the wind really picked up. He signaled to Nell.

She brought the horses up and dismounted tying her horse to the mesquite. She found a thick branch and threw the leather reins of her horse around it, Jack's steed chained to the horn of her saddle.

Approaching Jack, she inquisitively asked, "What are they?"

He turned and looked her squarely in the eye.

"These are Apache slings. The Apache hurl stones with them. They can hunt game or crack a man's scull."

Jack raised his arm to imitate the sling swinging motion prior to launch and Nell's eyes followed. At that moment she noticed something near rocks on the right. A small desert thistle with furry purple flowers rose near one end of the box. Loaded with fuzzy thistles, it was a beautiful contrast to what looked to be a coffin.

She gasped in disbelief, "My word!"


This slingshot is a 4 strand round braided Apache with cotton twine and a leather pouch.

The Apache used slings to flush out deer or to kill small game and birds. In warfare the slings were most often used to distract an enemy, but they could also inflict serious injury. The sling consisted of a pouch and fiber or leather thongs the length of which depended on the preference of the user. In general, longer thongs were for flinging for distance while shortening aided in accuracy.

An Empty Weapon Chest

Initially, both had been surprised by the wooden-walled chest. As he approached, Jack quickly recognized the rifle crate. He had seen caissons carrying many of them during the war.

That mind of Jack's would play tricks. Traveling back in time to the Battle of Wauhatchie in 1863, he shook his head.

He had always been suspicious a sutler had killed a wagon driver and stolen supplies, including crates of rifles prior to their civil war engagement. This was a repetitive memory. He would tell himself at night that he didn't have to think about bad things - he could tell himself that over and over. Yet once asleep, like a shot- bang - they would return.

He muttered in disgust, "Sutlers."

Under license of the Federal government, sutlers were given exclusive right to sell goods and items that were not considered necessary or supplied by the army. A sutler's inventory often included items such as tobacco, candy, manufactured clothes, hats, yard goods, cigars, tea, sardines, dried fish, alcohol, kitchen items, sewing needles, pins, and buttons.

Enlisted and officers hated the sutlers. They inflated the prices for such items to the point of fleecing soldiers. Yet it took an odd duck to set up a canvas topped lean-to behind the lines of a battlefield before and after the slaughter began.

Even now, Jack hated the concept of sutler.




Military Transport

Generally, rifle crates were carried by rail to the nearest station and then loaded onto wagons destined for Arizona forts. Heavy loads, three or four tons over rough road, were moved by oxen and mule wagons frequently unprotected by soldiers. Drivers were supplied with ammunition and expected to protect themselves.

The government preferred a civilian teamster. He would take better care of the livestock and wagon. Soldiers, if required to drive a wagon, considered it beneath them and might be tempted to desert and sell the cargo using the mules for a getaway. It was not that uncommon.

On June 25, 1876, George Custer and the 7th cavalry were overwhelmed at the Little Bighorn by Lakota and Cheyenne Indians. Because the Indians possessed many repeaters, both Henry and Winchester, when they were in range of the army soldiers (200 yards) the massacre proceeded.

Inordinate Circumstances

Nell was feeling like she suffered from some kind of thought ailment. She didn't seem to understand much since she got off the coach in Patagonia.

Once again she asked a question, "What is that doing here?"

Jack postured and then tried to answer without causing too much alarm.

"It's hard to tell out here. Sometimes thieves take advantage of a country where soldiers or law enforcement may be many miles away. No telling who took those rifles."

The lid had been pried open and was leaning against the crate. An inscription was burned on the chest. It read:

Henry Repeating Rifle, New Haven Arms Company, .44 rimfire caliber

His mind, again, raced back to a time he fancied he could keep from conjuring up. While the U.S. Army had issued him a Springfield, a few of his comrades had purchased their own weapons. A popular one was the Henry. It was a faster firing weapon, but the military considered his Springfield to have a greater range, accuracy, and reliability. Nevertheless, it was unsettling to think that anyone, let alone Apaches may have come in possession of such firearms.

A Fast Hand

Nell went to drop the lid to the side of the crate thinking there might be more inscription. Scorpions love a shady spot to hide like a discarded crate lid; it had been hiding. At that moment a little critter ran out and crawled onto her boot.

She let out a scream, "Aaaaaaah!"

Victorian ladies false button-up boots were her fortunate choice for riding. The boots ended just above the ankle and gave a modicum of protection from creepy crawlers.

Jack slapped her boot. The scorpion scampered away, no doubt as scared as Nell. She would have to learn about the West, a requirement for living in the desert. Scorpions, spiders, Gila monsters, rattlesnakes, and an assortment of things to understand and become comfortable with.



A fast hand and a flicked scorpion - | Source

What's in A Boot?

Considered high top shoes, Nell's pair had 5 buttons and false button holes (buttons were for looks only). They actually were a pull-on shoe with an elastic gusset (patent 1837). Flat heeled and ankle high, the low heel came in prior to 1867. A shoe popular during the Civil War, it was used by women for horseback riding and outdoor activity. Popular in the West until WWI, the trend was for greater comfort and practicality in footwear aided by technological advances like the sewing machine.

New Places, New Sights

As if the day had not been remarkable enough. After all, she had seen different colored thistles within a few miles of each other. First they were blue, then purple. What next? Blue and purple?

Then she had seen an Indian weapon she had not known even existed. She pictured a very happy Apache throwing his sling shot onto a scraggly dry mesquite, happy to exchange it for a repeating rifle.

And then again, there was an abandoned rifle crate that housed several Henry repeating rifles, a weapon, again, that she had never heard of.

Nell had always thought of herself as very capable, and she was, but these new environs were not helping to increase that confidence. She couldn't help but feel a little more secure in Jack's presence. Having always loved Jack's honesty, she wondered if he ever had moments of great fear.

Resuming the Journey

It was time for Jack and Nell to continue toward their new home. Riding southeast of Patagonia toward Harshaw, the couple were in high anticipation, anxious to see the homestead Jack had worked on since mustering out of the Union Army. The little ranch was outside the mining town of Harshaw, among the largest producers of silver ore in Arizona.

As they rode south they could see a slight haze on the horizon. Jack grinned. He was thinking that the silver stamping mills in Harshaw were operating at full bore. Business must be good, and that meant opportunity for both Jack and Nell.

The Route Home



Jack and Nell's route to Harshaw, AZ

Factual References

Ladies Shoes & Boots, 18th century and 19th century. November 21, 2020. https://www.19th-century-us-history.com/ladies_1800s_clothing/boots-shoes_ladies.shtml . Retrieved on April 11, 2021

Henry History. Henry Made In America Or Not Made At All. No Date. https://www.henryusa.com/about-us/henry-history/ . Retrieved on April 9, 2021

Welty, Raymond L. (May 1938). Supplying the Frontier Military Posts, Kansas Historical Society. https://www.kshs.org/p/supplying-the-frontier-military-posts/12750 . Retrieved on April 13, 2021

Friday, August 21, 2026

How AI Is Reshaping the Stock Market: New Data Reveals a Powerful “AI Premium” for Investors




Financial markets are beginning to show a clear pattern: companies that appear well positioned to benefit from the rapid spread of artificial intelligence are earning noticeably higher returns. A new Yale‑led study, built on one of the largest real‑world AI consumption datasets ever assembled, suggests that investors are rewarding firms they believe will gain from AI‑driven productivity. The researchers call this advantage the “AI Premium,” and it represents a meaningful difference—about 0.64% in weekly stock returns between companies with high and low exposure to AI. For investors and professionals in their thirties and forties, who have lived through multiple waves of technological disruption, this finding signals that AI is not just another trend but a force already reshaping market behavior.

The study draws on an enormous dataset: 380 trillion AI tokens generated or read by models such as GPT, Claude, and DeepSeek. These tokens come from OpenRouter, a platform that routes requests to more than 400 AI systems. Covering January 2024 through April 2026, the dataset represents roughly 2% of global monthly AI usage and includes millions of anonymous users. Its sheer scale gives researchers a rare window into how people and businesses are actually using AI—not in theory, but in practice. With this level of detail, the team could examine how AI consumption correlates with stock performance across industries and regions.

Aleh Tsyvinski, a Yale economist and co‑author of the study, explains that earlier research relied heavily on surveys or broad estimates. This new analysis, by contrast, is grounded in real behavior at massive scale. According to him, AI’s economic impact is not confined to Silicon Valley or software companies. Instead, it is spreading across consumer‑facing businesses, manufacturers, and other capital‑intensive industries. Investors appear to believe that AI will boost productivity in many different types of firms, and they are pricing that expectation into the market.

To measure this effect, the researchers created what they call the “AI Factor,” a weekly indicator of global AI consumption growth. They then examined which companies’ stock prices tend to rise when AI usage increases. Firms with higher exposure to AI consumption—meaning investors expect them to benefit from AI adoption—earned stronger future returns. This exposure does not necessarily mean these companies are already using AI internally. Rather, it reflects market expectations about their ability to capitalize on AI‑driven efficiency and innovation.

The AI Premium is most visible in the United States, Europe, and other developed markets where companies and investors are closely connected to cutting‑edge AI development and infrastructure. In contrast, the effect is weaker in China and emerging markets, where AI adoption is growing but not yet as deeply integrated into corporate strategy or investor expectations. As one of the study’s authors notes, equity markets are rewarding companies that are closest to the frontier of AI innovation, especially those operating in regions where advanced models and AI‑related investment are concentrated.

Another important insight from the study is that not all AI usage carries the same weight. Investors seem to value intensive, sophisticated AI consumption—longer prompts, advanced proprietary models, experienced users, and paid usage—far more than casual experimentation with free or open‑source tools. This suggests that markets are distinguishing between serious, productivity‑driven AI adoption and everyday tinkering. The premium is tied to the former, not the latter.

The researchers also explored how AI’s rise may affect workers. By combining stock market data, labor statistics, and AI consumption patterns, they found that jobs involving non‑routine tasks—persuasion, teaching, communication, and interpersonal interaction—show more positive exposure to AI. Meanwhile, occupations built around routine analytical work, including many roles in healthcare and scientific fields, show negative exposure. Investors appear to believe that AI will enhance jobs requiring human interaction while automating or reducing the value of routine analytical tasks. This distinction is especially relevant for mid‑career professionals who may be navigating shifts in workplace expectations and skill demands.

The study also highlights the rapid rise of agentic AI—systems capable of acting autonomously rather than simply responding to prompts. In 2024, agentic models represented only a small share of AI usage. By 2026, they accounted for more than half of all tokens consumed. Early evidence suggests that companies exposed to this emerging “agentic economy” are beginning to see that exposure reflected in their market valuations. For investors and professionals watching the next phase of AI development, this shift signals that autonomous AI systems may soon play a central role in how businesses operate and compete.

Overall, the study paints a picture of an economy already being reshaped by AI. Markets are not waiting for long‑term projections or hypothetical scenarios. They are responding now, rewarding companies that appear poised to benefit from AI‑driven productivity and adjusting expectations for industries and occupations across the board. For people in their thirties and forties—many of whom are balancing career growth, investment decisions, and long‑term financial planning—understanding this emerging AI Premium may be increasingly important in navigating both professional and economic futures.

Thursday, August 20, 2026

Gold and Silver Stage a Powerful August Comeback as Debt Fears Shake the Markets




 Precious metals have turned into one of the most surprising comeback stories of the month, recovering sharply from the losses that weighed on them earlier in the year. Silver has been the standout, but gold has also staged an impressive rebound that has caught the attention of traders who had written off the sector just weeks ago.

Gold reached an all‑time high of $5,598 an ounce on 28 January before a steep correction dragged it down to about $3,942 by the end of June, wiping out roughly 30% from its peak. Since that low, momentum has shifted. Most of the recovery has taken place in August, pushing gold back toward $4,466 at the time of writing. That leaves the metal up 11% for the month and modestly positive for the year, a turnaround few expected heading into the summer.

Silver’s move has been even more dramatic. After hitting a record $121.65 an ounce on 29 January, it plunged to around $54.70 by mid‑July, a staggering 55% drop that rattled even long‑time metals investors. But August has breathed new life into the market. Silver has climbed roughly 20% from its lows and is now trading near $66. While it remains down more than 7% year‑to‑date, the speed and strength of the recent rally have shifted sentiment noticeably.

The latest surge in both metals accelerated this week after the U.S. Treasury announced it would double the size of its buybacks of 10‑ to 30‑year debt starting 9 September, raising each operation to at least $4 billion. The move was designed to calm a bond market that has been increasingly uneasy, and it landed just hours before new data confirmed that U.S. national debt had crossed the $40 trillion mark—two years ahead of Congressional Budget Office projections.

Before the buyback announcement, the 30‑year Treasury yield had climbed to its highest level since 2007. Yields eased afterward, and the dollar dropped sharply, reigniting talk about long‑term dollar debasement—the idea that a swelling debt load eventually chips away at confidence in the currency. Weak U.S. jobs numbers, softer retail sales, and cooling inflation added to the shift in tone, prompting traders to scale back expectations for a September rate hike. According to CME FedWatch, the probability fell from above fifty percent to roughly one in three.

Lower yields tend to make non‑yielding assets like gold and silver more appealing, and central banks along with exchange‑traded funds have continued adding to their holdings. With debt concerns rising and rate expectations softening, the precious‑metals trade has found fresh momentum heading into late summer.

A Tiny Story: Romance and Savagery in 19th Century Southwestern Arizona - August 20, 2026

 

Updated on November 17, 2024


John reads about the Old West, lost treasure, lost gold mines, and amateur gold prospecting. He prospects in Arizona and photographs mines.

A Serial

For the second installment, please see Apache-Land-Travels-and-Surprises

Prelude

Jack had just ridden into town for his long-awaited reunion with his betrothed. Her name was Nell, and as his buddies were apt to say, she was easy-on-the-eyes.

Heading across the dirt street, the general store to the right and the saloon on the left, he saw dust in the distance. As he looked down the alley between the two businesses, he saw dust on the crest of the hills of Patagonia, Arizona. It rose like a light brown vapor. Too far to make out the nature of the disturbance, he continued. The hills were sparsely spotted with brush and cholla, the walls and blue sky framed the scene. It was a gorgeous day, and he took note.

Nell's Concord stagecoach with burgeoning rear boot arrived in front of the saloon. Jack was almost to the coach door when it opened. It startled the driver who quickly grabbed the door and completed its motion. Nell was on the coach step when she lifted her head and smiled at Jack. Her poofy hat, adorned with white snowy egret feathers and red spoonbill plumage, was hard to miss. At about a foot in height and 18 inches back, it swayed with the slightest movement. Her jet black wavy hair emanated from the hat revealing her Irish heritage. She was stunning, to say the least.

"On time, J! Hope you didn't have to hurry," she said with a whimsical tone.

Nell
Nell

An Interrupted Reunion

She was far from wordy. Jack's face brightened. There was no hiding his joy on that sun-toughened skin. His cheeks were tanned washboards, his eyes ice blue mints. The two turned, heading across to the livery stable where his horses were boarded. And as he turned, he peered down the alley and saw two distant riders, one with a white Mexican palm leaf straw hat, the other a black Stetson. Jack quickly recognized the riders approaching and nudged Nell encouragingly at the small of her back as they continued across the street.

The white hat's name was Domingo. The Stetson's was Sly. Jack rode with them for a brief time not far from Nogales. He had mixed feelings when he joined up but had been frustrated trying to make the money he needed to finally buy a spread of his own. It was 1869, and finding a job was difficult. Work was limited, and everyone was spooked by the recession. Times were tight. People grudgingly held onto what
they had earned and had no need to hire. So, Jack teamed up with the devious two. He was willing to risk his future for one questionable payday. That last installment to his savings would get him his ranch.

Inside the stable, Nell was a bit astonished.

"Are those the two you wrote about?" she asked.

Jack put his hand up. He was peering out the cracks in the stable doors watching as Domingo and Sly dismounted and took up residence behind a wagon. Barrels were stacked street-side for loading, unfortunately providing some cover.

Domingo was the type to be brave as long as someone else gave orders. With a couple buddies he felt himself emboldened. Taking his place near the front of the wagon and Sly at the back, they traded hand signals; a portent of things to come.

"Jack! Me and Domingo missed you after Nogales. We was wondering if you owned a ranch now?"

There was no sense engaging in conversation. All those two wanted was whatever Jack had. A shot rang out splintering the big, planked doors. Straw dust floated through the stable. Dell fell to the ground behind the beam door frame. Normally a confident soul, her face was very blanched as if she were someone chronically anemic.

"Stay right there! Jack barked.

Finale

An hourglass-shaped knot in the door was somewhat displaced due to shrinkage of the surrounding soft wood. Putting his finger on the top of the knot, he pulled down. It toppled out and fell to the floor. The resulting hollow gave a pretty good view of the rear of the wagon.

Meanwhile, each of the two cretins across the street fired two more rounds through the double stable doors. This time splinters and straw dust blew through- the straw bits twisting and tumbling through the air. Nell had taken her hat off and was holding it in her hands. The feathers stuck out pointing toward Jack. It seemed to him a strange time to be concerned about personal appearances.

Placing his Winchester just barely on the ledge of the knot hole he had helped create, he could see the aft end of the wagon. Then he heard Nell. She was crawling across the floor toward a slight parting of the doors jostled by gunfire.

Jack Whispered with guarded force, "Get back!"

Nell paid no attention and pushed her feathery bouffant hat between the doors. Jack readied himself. But there was no violent response. Puzzled, he watched her gently wave the partially protruding hat up and down like a man bobbing a fishing rod. He spied more motion across the street. Aiming his repeater, Jack hoped to get a clear shot.

Holding her hat like a dowsing rod, Nell calmly, but slowly, walked through the door. There was total silence across the street. Once outside, she sauntered, gently fastening her hat and casting her hair back with her hand. Jack knew not what to think and wanted so badly to run outside.

However, when peering along his iron sites he saw a hint of a white forehead peek from behind the wagon. Jack's shot rang out. The forehead dropped from sight and an arm dangled between the crimson-spotted wagon spokes. Domingo scrambled to the alley like a raccoon chasing an insect and leapt upon his horse. He could be seen slapping his horse's hind quarter with his white straw hat.

Trying to put it all together, Jack felt perplexed. Nell's audaciousness and quick-thinking gave him a slight chill. As that passed, he stretched a smile.

She summoned him with her hand like a musician playing the harp. Grabbing his two quarter horses that had been boarded, he carefully walked street side and approached Nell. His Winchester was carried primed for use. Speeding up his pace, Jack wanted to kiss her, but on the verge of meeting her, she put her finger to his lower lip and said, "Let's go home, Jack."

It had been a day of great anticipation for both. The next moment they were both faced with the savage fury of past history and shameless greed. Yet, the day had finished on a positive note. Jack had a premonition - though the love of his life, his partner, had demonstrated her bravery and executed in an amazing way, he felt that it would not be the last time her physical beauty and cleverness would play a part in securing their future.

Nell was not one to skirt possibilities. Now they would cross Apache land and begin their life together.

Source

If You Enjoy Old West and Treasure Stories

Tuesday, August 18, 2026

How to Use a Metal Detector: Essential Basics for Beginners

 Updated on October 15, 2023

                                                                                   *

I've been gold prospecting for 13 years, mainly in the Bradshaw Mountains in Yavapai County, Arizona, where I found over 8 grams of placer.


My ACE250 by Garrett—a good coin shooter for those beginning the hunt.
My ACE250 by Garrett—a good coin shooter for those beginning the hunt. | Source

Basics of Metal Detection

Metal detecting is one of those things a person usually dreams about while not really picturing themselves as participants. Whether it is the call of the wild, gold fever, antiquities hunting, coin shooting, or the lure of any treasure, metal detecting has become one of America's favorite pastimes. You may have given it thought, but usually, there is a critical moment when the decision is made to take the leap and purchase a metal detector.

For me, it was a search for a pastime in retirement that would give me good exercise, interesting surroundings, and the chance to discover something unusual. I had panned for gold in a club, but watching other members shooting for nuggets was too much to ignore. They were having so much fun! That drove me from the edge of indecision. There isn't anything much more exciting than a friend showing you a little gold nugget he discovered in some gravel near a bend in a stream.

The first thing you need to do is talk to some friends that might have metal detectors. Usually, they can give you a pretty good assessment of several detectors since many of them shopped before purchasing. If you don't know anybody, search the internet. Metaldetectorreviews.net is a good place to start that has good recommendations. Local hunters might have an idea of what detectors work best in your area.

What Detector to Buy

You can buy a really cheap detector, but the less the detector can discriminate between metals, and the shallower the detector "sees," the more frustration you will experience. For being able to experience the joy of metal detecting and minimize frustration, I would recommend metal detectors for sale in the $160–$300 range based on what instruments are included.

Some names in this category are the Garrett 250 metal detector (which I own), Whites Metal Detector Prizm II, Minelab Muscateer, and the Bounty Hunter Tracker IV metal detector. While you're shopping, if you bump into another model in the range that has a feature you like, by all means, go for it. There is a "whopper" of a bunch of models and brands out there. You can also look for used metal detectors and expect to pay around 50%–75% of the new price, depending on the condition.

"Locating unexploded shells on the battlefield." As usual, war invites creativity.
"Locating unexploded shells on the battlefield." As usual, war invites creativity. | Source

Where to Go

Finding really good area candidates to search sometimes takes a bit of work and research.

You need to get permission to search on private property. If there are posted instructions for land use, follow them. If it is posted that metal detecting is forbidden, don't metal detect. Most areas with recreational equipment in the sand, like school yards, are OK. Park areas where there are picnic tables are great areas to search. Parking lots are another good place, as well as beaches. Just make sure you obey posted instructions.

Technique in Metal Detecting

Let's begin with some basic ideas about technique in metal detecting.

At one end of your metal detector is a coil. This is what finds metal targets you are searching for. The coils are usually circular or elliptical in shape. Once you turn the power on, you start to "wave" back and forth over the ground you are searching. When I say wave, I mean passing the detector back and forth across an area.

It is important that you keep your detector coil 2" above the surface of the ground. When you pass back and forth (that is, left to right), there is a tendency at first not to move your whole arm but to pivot back and forth by your shoulder. When you do this, the coil raises up at the end of each swing—this results in the coil being off the ground more than 2" at the end of each pass. You will miss possible targets in your search area if you do this. You need to keep the coil 2" above the surface and level, and move your arm so that those 2" are maintained throughout your swing.

For a good example, suppose you have an idea that there could be coins near a grandstand that once stood where you are searching. If your arm is swinging up at the end of each pass, you will not cover a lot of good area where great finds could be. It would be a pity to miss something just because of that.

Most metal detectors have a bell sound that goes off when you have passed over a metal object. You swing back and forth repeatedly, making your swings somewhat smaller as you pinpoint the target. When you are getting a good signal and are right on top of something, your target will be located under the center of the coil. Mark the spot with a spade, trowel, hand rake, etc.

They tell you to dig an oval cut, mostly 2" to 4" deep, and lift the sod up and over, leaving it connected at one end. Find your target and replace the "divot". Tamp it down slightly with your foot so that it cannot be raised easily by foot traffic or machine.

Now, I know that if you do not live in the South or New England area, the chances are that you cannot just push a spade in the ground and pull up a good-sized piece of sod. I come from Arizona, for example, and here you might be able to lift a divot of sod on a prepared golf course or a park, but not out in the desert. Most of the ground seems like concrete. You have to push the spade in and then repeatedly dig out the hole, putting your dirt in a pile near the hole. Just make sure you put the dirt back and tamp it down when you have found your fortune.

If you are going for objects deeper than 4" (the Garrett Ace 250 can find stuff 8" down), you may want to use a big shovel. In that case, you pile your dirt near the hole and wave your detector over it. If the metal detector rings, you know your target is in the pile of dirt. You then usually split the pile in half and wave the two smaller piles. When your bell goes off, you know which pile it is in. Repeat this until you find your target. If the bell does not ring over the pile (piles) of dirt, keep digging. Wave your hole, and you will hear it ring again. Sometimes you can get a false signal—your detector rings, and then after some digging, it does not ring again. Perhaps there was some metal in a rock, or perhaps it was an anomaly (unexplained reason). I have found that in practice, this does not happen very often, but it can happen. Continue to search your area until you get a new signal. Most targets are only a few inches beneath your coil.

Things to Bring

Your coil is relatively expensive. They come in small, medium, and large sizes. You get one when you initially purchase your metal detector. But remember, the coil is sensitive and can be broken. If you are swinging the arm of your detector and hit a rock by mistake, you could break or chip the coil.

One of the first things you want to buy when you have your metal detector is a cover for your coil to protect it from damage. The cover fits tightly over the coil and is made of some kind of plastic that provides good protection. I have accidentally bounced my coil off of rocks or stones and have yet to damage the coil. Of course, you look ahead at your target area and are generally aware of what is there, but sometimes you are focusing so much on the search that you forget, or hit something you did not see in the beginning, even though you are treating your machine with respect. Get a guard; it is worth all the money you will pay. Most covers run from $10 to $20. They fit tight, so make sure your coil is clean and snap it on. I haven't taken my cover off since the day I put it on.

If you do not like the idea of other people hearing your bell go off, all metal detectors (that I know of) have a place where a jack for earphones can be inserted. The headphones make you less conspicuous when people are around. You can adjust the volume to your liking. Nobody likes to draw attention to themselves, and after all, a lot of us enjoy the peace and serenity of being outdoors in nature. Solitude is part of the journey. I was able to adapt a pair of headphones I already had, but you can buy accessories, including headphones, at mining supply stores, and even big box stores that sell electronics. There are a number of treasure hunting stores that sell metal detectors and all kinds of supplies.

Bring a plastic bag with you. Anywhere from 60 to 80 percent of what you find can be trash. It's just part of the beast. Believe me, the 20 to 40 percent of your finds that are desirable finds are worth it. Put the trash in the plastic bag and dispose of it in trash containers. It is good for the environment and will be doing a service for the next hunter who scans the area. Courtesy is contagious. I have a little pouch that fits on my belt that I can unzip and put coins or other finds in.

Code of ethics
Code of ethics

Treasure

So what have I found? Well, I've found a lot of coins. None of them have been rare, but they were fun to find, nevertheless. Some people refer to pennies as nuisance targets—I guess they just want silver coins. But as for me, I'll take all the pennies I can find! I have found a silver ring at a park, a couple of Army buttons from the 19th century in small washes where I suspect soldiers once washed their clothes, one small gold nugget (in this case, my Garrett became a gold metal detector!) on a claim owned by our treasure hunting club, matchbox cars, metal toy soldiers, bullets, and many other things.

Treasure detecting will easily become one of your favorite activities. You will meet many interesting people, discover things about the area you live in that you never knew, and you'll find interesting resources for exploring new areas. Go metal detecting. You won't regret it!


Monday, August 17, 2026

Why Gold Jewelry Is Surging in Popularity as Prices Hit Record Highs




 Gold prices have been on an extraordinary climb, breaking records and reshaping how people think about jewelry. Earlier this year, gold briefly pushed past the $5,000‑per‑ounce mark before settling closer to $4,600 by late March. That kind of movement isn’t happening in a vacuum. It follows a massive surge in 2025, when gold jumped more than forty percent in a single year. Safe‑haven buying, aggressive central‑bank accumulation, and expectations of lower interest rates all helped fuel the rise. What’s surprising, though, is how little this sticker shock has slowed down everyday buyers. Instead of backing away, people in their thirties and forties are leaning in, treating gold jewelry not just as a luxury purchase but as something that carries emotional weight and long‑term value.

Part of the renewed interest comes from the world feeling unpredictable. Geopolitical tensions, trade disputes, and political instability have pushed many people toward assets that feel solid and dependable. Gold fits that mindset perfectly. At the same time, countries like China and India have been steadily shifting their reserves away from the U.S. dollar, adding even more demand to the market. For individual buyers, gold has become a kind of financial comfort food—something that holds its value even when inflation bites or currencies wobble. But beyond the economic logic, there’s a personal side to this trend. Many buyers are choosing pieces that feel meaningful, items they imagine passing down someday, rather than impulse purchases that lose their shine after a season.

Even with the rising cost of raw gold, jewelry remains a major part of global demand. The number of pieces sold worldwide has dipped to a five‑year low, but the total value of gold jewelry has hit a record high. That means people are buying fewer items, but each one is more substantial—higher in gold content, higher in craftsmanship, and higher in price. It’s a shift toward premiumization, where quality matters more than quantity. For many thirty‑ and forty‑somethings, that aligns perfectly with how they’re approaching purchases in general: fewer things, better things.

Designers have responded to this shift with styles that feel both modern and enduring. Chunkier, weightier pieces are back in rotation, often paired with diamonds to add contrast and sparkle. Sculptural shapes, vintage‑inspired motifs, and minimalist lines all coexist in the current landscape, giving buyers plenty of ways to express themselves without feeling tied to a trend that will fade in six months. And perhaps most importantly, gold jewelry has become an everyday accessory again. Yellow‑gold chains, simple rings with or without stones, and understated diamond necklaces are being worn from morning meetings to evening plans without missing a beat.

Retailers say the rising price of gold hasn’t scared customers away—it’s actually reinforced the appeal. Buyers see gold as stable, timeless, and emotionally resonant. High‑end brands have reported strong growth in their gold‑and‑diamond collections over the past two years, and independent jewelers are seeing the same pattern. People want pieces that feel like investments in both style and personal meaning.

In the end, record gold prices aren’t slowing demand; they’re reshaping it. Consumers are choosing fewer pieces but investing more in each one, treating gold jewelry as something that blends luxury with lasting value. For many, it’s not just adornment—it’s a way to anchor themselves in a world that feels anything but predictable.

Arizona’s Wild Burros: History, Habitat, and the Fight to Protect Them

 

                                                                                    *

Updated on November 3, 2023


John has prospected for gold in Arizona 10 years. His experience taught him to deal with the terrain, heat, and gold fever. He makes tools.

Synonyms for Equus africanus asinus: donkey, ass, jenny, burro
Synonyms for Equus africanus asinus: donkey, ass, jenny, burro | Source

Pots and Pans Jingling and Jangling

When I think of burros, I always have a mental picture of grizzled old Walter Huston in Treasure of the Sierra Madre, leading his donkey on a dusty trail in Mexico in pursuit of gold treasure.

In the 19th century, the burro was frequently described as the most important prospecting tool of the trade and for very good reason. Prospecting involved back-breaking physical labor. It involved journeying over rugged land, panning, sifting and outcrop investigation, and searching for signs of mineralization. Another major factor for favoring burros was the fact that they did not startle the way horses do. The mining endeavor was suited perfectly for the pack animal of choice, the donkey, also known as the burro.

Ancient History

Asses have been domesticated since 3000 BC and have spread throughout the world. The Spanish brought the first burros to Mexico in 1528 with religious orders and then probably crossed the Rio Grande in 1598 with conquistadors.

In Mexico, they were mainly used in silver mines. In the American Southwest, they were used for bearing loads to and from gold and silver mining activity.

The origins of the donkey track to Egypt thousands of years ago.
The origins of the donkey track to Egypt thousands of years ago. | Source

Origins of the Burro

Originally from Africa, donkeys (a name traditionally used east of the Mississippi, burro to the west) were extremely highly valued for the loads they could carry; this was because of their sure-footed hardiness and strength. Indeed, early hieroglyphics in Egypt (where some contend the donkey, or wild ass, began) depict men leading burros with large baskets strapped to their sides.

If a human loses 10% of his weight in water dehydration, immediate medical attention should be sought. Meanwhile, a burro can lose 30%. Humans require a day to rehydrate, but a burro can rehydrate in 5 minutes. This hardy nature makes them the perfect match for an arid climate.

Burros range throughout all of the North American deserts.
Burros range throughout all of the North American deserts. | Source

19th Century Gold Boom

By the 19th century, the burro had won its place as a beast of burden
for early prospectors all over the western United States. When the boom in placer mining ended, many burros were simply let loose. Of course, while miners were exploring Arizona for gold and silver, it wasn't unknown for burros to meander away due to the difficult areas they traversed. If the burros' confines were not tight, they would often just wander off.

The Apache Indians favored donkey meat, and burros were captured for food. Other reports from the Army stated that the Indians cherished them for their utility and only ate them in times of famine. It was also noted that burros were used during celebrations, particularly when honored guests were present.

It was also the circumstance where a gold prospector would die of starvation, thirst, or exposure and his burro wound up loose.

Arizona wild burros, the progeny of 16th - 19th century prospectors, are perfectly adapted to desert conditions.
Arizona wild burros, the progeny of 16th - 19th century prospectors, are perfectly adapted to desert conditions. | Source

Desert Animals

Wild burros in the North American deserts pretty much stay within 10 miles of water. They eat a variety of vegetation common to the arid spaces. They are great at rooting out food in desolate locations. In Arizona, they eat grass, Palo Verde, Mormon Tea, and forbs (flowering plants that are not sedge, grass, or rush). They pretty much browse, eating a variety of plants. If you want to see them in the summer, travel in the early morning or evening when they forage throughout. I try to get to their pastures in Arizona by 8 a.m. or earlier to see them.

On my last trip to Yavapai County, Arizona, to do some gold panning, I encountered the burros in the photos early in the morning. If you encounter burros in Arizona, chances are that the area they reside in was once active with prospectors seeking their fortune in gold.

The wild burros who inhabit the area where I prospect go down to Lake Pleasant to drink and then return to the desert hills. There are some burros to the south of the lake, but most live to the north. Many times, they just stand motionless and watch as trucks go by. Some of these burros approached my truck as I took photos, looking for food. They are docile and have a reputation for being stubborn. Since they are such survivalists, perhaps the stubbornness has benefited them. I managed to pet them on the snout, but they have been known to nip occasionally.

Named after William and Isaac Bradshaw
Named after William and Isaac Bradshaw | Source

Physical Characteristics

The average burro has long ears and a short mane and, at the shoulders, can be up to 5 feet. Their weight can range widely from 180 to 1,060 lb. The average weight of a wild burro seems to be around 350 pounds. Some burros can live up to 30 years in captivity, while the average life span in the wild is about 25 years. Some burros have actually lived up to 50 years.

In terms of color, a burro can be any blend of grey, black or brown. It has lighter shades on the face and belly.

Donkeys have large ears, which may pick up more distant sounds, and may help cool the donkey's blood.
Donkeys have large ears, which may pick up more distant sounds, and may help cool the donkey's blood. | Source

Bradshaw Gold Mining History

Brothers William and Isaac Bradshaw were searching for gold in 1863. They found gold (up to an ounce per day), but it took time for the news to spread, as the reputation of the area as dangerous gave the brothers plenty of time to mine. After the Bradshaw Indian War ended in 1873, a gold rush ensued. Just about all of the washes emanating from the mountains have some placer gold—it is the most plentiful placer area in Arizona.

Of all the claims I have prospected, the ones in Yavapai country are the ones I enjoy the most. More gold has been produced in Yavapai County, Arizona, than any other of the state's counties. Here are the totals of commercial gold production through 1965: Total 3,476,150 lode and 266,804 placers. There are still many small operators and recreational prospectors in the area. These totals do not take into account the 1 ounce of gold I have taken out.

What was really golden to the Arizona prospector was his burro.
What was really golden to the Arizona prospector was his burro. | Source

The Burro Population

As of 2016, there were an estimated 4000+ wild burros in Arizona, more than any other state. The burro has become a symbol of the Old West in Arizona. Tourists visit burro sites and are amazed at how tame they are and that they have a good disposition. They are often characterized as "cute."

It is no wonder that with all of the 19th-century prospecting activity and the evidence of old mines and mining camp remains in the area; the burro was left to fend for himself, and fend he did!

A Partial List of Mines in the Bradshaw Mountains

  • Del Pasco Mine
  • Lincoln Mine
  • Crown King Mine
  • Oro Belle Mine
  • Tiger Mine
  • Gazelle Mine
  • Bulton Mine
  • Paxton Mine
  • Boaz Mine
  • Pacific Mine
  • Humbug Gold Mine

             The story of Arizona's Wild Horses and Burros





References

  • The Wild Burros of Lake Pleasant, from CaptainZipline.com, 2005-2014, Retrieved from http://www.captainzipline.com/about-us/5-tour-overview/lake-pleasant-arizona/41-burros-and-captain-zipline.html
  • Wild Burro Equus Asinus, from DesertUSA, Retrieved from http://www.desertusa.com/animals/wild-burro.html
  • Wild Burros of the Mojave Desert Southwestern United States, by the Equine Sciences Academy, retrieved from http://www.tribeequus.com/burros.html
  • Western Apache Material Culture, The Goodwin and Guenther Collection, edited by Alan Ferg, The University of Arizona Press, copyright 1987, 222 pages, retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?id=qQh37jpEnL0C&pg=PA45&lpg=PA45&dq=Apache+food+of+burro&source=bl&ots=luIpwtHLca&sig=lYFNh5aCBUcSHsXEEfGkJM1CFUc&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiEsYDU0v3TAhXCF5QKHdIJCGgQ6AEISDAK#v=onepage&q=Apache%20food%20of%20burro&f=false
  • Donkey, from Wikipedia the free encyclopedia, 109 references, last edited 19 May 2017

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